Method of using heat transfer oil with high auto ignition temperature

ABSTRACT

A method to use a heat transfer oil, comprising:
         a. selecting a heat transfer oil having an auto ignition temperature greater than 329° C. (625° F.) and a viscosity index greater than 28×Ln(Kinematic Viscosity at 100° C., in cSt)+80; wherein the heat transfer oil comprises a base oil, made from a waxy feed, with the base oil having:
           i. greater than 10 weight percent and less than 70 weight percent total molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality, wherein the one or more fractions have at least 31.2 wt % 1-unsaturations by FIMS;   
           b. providing the heat transfer oil to a mechanical system; and   c. transferring heat in the mechanical system from a heat source to a heat sink.

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.11/535,165, filed on Sep. 26, 2006 now abandoned. It relates to twoco-filed patent applications titled “Process to Prepare a Heat TransferOil” and “Heat Transfer Oil Comprising a Base Oil Having a Low TractionCoefficient.”

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention is directed to a method to use a heat transfer oil.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Heat transfer oils should never be used above their auto ignitiontemperature (AIT). AIT is the temperature at which the fluid will ignitespontaneously in contact with air. Highly paraffinic heat transfer oilssuch as Caloria HT43, Mobiltherm 603, and Duratherm 630 have AITs of632° F., 670° F., and 693° F., respectively. These known heat transferoils are made with highly refined, severely hydrotreated,petroleum-based paraffin oils that do not have the high viscosity indexand preferred molecular composition that are desired. Conventional heattransfer oils made by Chevron using petroleum derived neutral oils haveAIT's of approximately 599° F. A heat transfer oil, made using a baseoil made from a waxy feed, and having a higher auto ignition temperatureand higher viscosity index is desired; and processes to make and use itare also desired.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

We have invented a heat transfer oil, comprising a base oil made from awaxy feed. The base oil has a pour point less than −9° C., less than 0.3wt % aromatics, greater than 10 weight percent and less than 70 weightpercent total molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality, and a ratioof molecules with monocycloparaffinic functionality to molecules withmulticycloparaffinic functionality greater than 15. The heat transferoil has an AIT greater than 329° C. (625° F.), a viscosity index greaterthan 28×Ln(Kinematic Viscosity at 100° C., in cSt), and is selected fromthe group consisting of ISO 10, ISO 15, ISO 22, ISO 46, ISO 68, ISO 100,ISO 150, and ISO 220.

We have also invented a process to prepare a heat transfer oil,comprising: dewaxing a substantially paraffinic wax feed byhydroisomerization dewaxing using a shape selective intermediate poresize molecular sieve under hydroisomerization conditions including ahydrogen to feed ratio from about 712.4 to about 3562 liter H₂/liter oil(about 4 to about 20 MSCF/bbl), whereby a lubricating base oil isproduced,

-   -   a. selecting one or more fractions of the lubricating base oil        having:        -   i. a pour point less than −9° C.,        -   ii. greater than 10 weight percent and less than 70 weight            percent total molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality,            and        -   iii. a ratio of weight percent molecules with            monocycloparaffinic functionality to weight percent            molecules with multicycloparaffinic functionality greater            than 15; and    -   b. blending the one or more fractions of the lubricating base        oil with less than 0.2 wt % antifoam agent to prepare the heat        transfer oil of an ISO viscosity grade selected from the group        of ISO 10, ISO 15, ISO 22, ISO 46, ISO 68, ISO 100, ISO 150, and        ISO 220.

We have also invented a method to use a heat transfer oil, comprising:

-   -   a. selecting a heat transfer oil having an auto ignition        temperature greater than 329° C. (625° F.) and a viscosity index        greater than 28×Ln(Kinematic Viscosity at 100° C., in cSt)+80;        wherein the heat transfer oil comprises a base oil, made from a        waxy feed, having:        -   i. greater than 10 weight percent and less than 70 weight            percent total molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality;    -   b. providing the heat transfer oil to a mechanical system; and    -   c. transferring heat in the mechanical system from a heat source        to a heat sink.

In another embodiment, we have invented a heat transfer oil, comprising:

-   -   a. an isomerized Fischer-Tropsch derived base oil fraction have        a traction coefficient less than or equal to 0.015, when        measured at a kinematic viscosity of 15 cSt and at a slide to        roll ratio of 40 percent; and    -   b. an antifoam agent;    -   wherein the heat transfer oil has an auto ignition temperature        greater than 329° C. (625° F.) and an ASTM Color less than 0.5.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates the plot of Kinematic Viscosity at 40° C. in cSt vs.Auto Ignition Temperature by ASTM E659-78(Reapproved 2005) in degreesCelsius. It shows the line for the auto ignition temperature equal to1.6×(Kinematic Viscosity at 40° C.)+300.

FIG. 2 illustrates the plot of ISO Viscosity Grade vs. 5 wt % boilingpoint by ASTM D6352-04, in degrees Celsius. It shows the line for the 5wt % boiling point equal to 1.3×(ISO Viscosity Grade)+360.

FIG. 3 illustrates the plots of Kinematic Viscosity at 100° C. in cStvs. two preferred viscosity index lines, one being the equation forviscosity index equal to 28×Ln(Kinematic Viscosity at 100° C.)+80 andthe other being the equation for viscosity index equal to28×Ln(Kinematic Viscosity at 100° C.)+95.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

We have discovered that heat transfer oils made using base oil havinglow pour point, low aromatic content, defined cycloparaffinic content,and a high ratio of monocycloparaffins to multicycloparaffins have anexceptionally high viscosity index (VI) and auto ignition temperature(AIT). In addition, they have comparable Ramsbottom carbon residues, andimproved simulated distillation profiles.

Weight percent Ramsbottom carbon residue is measured by ASTM D 524-04.The carbon residue is the residue formed by evaporation and thermaldegradation of a carbon containing material. A low Ramsbottom carbonresidue is an indication of the relative coke-forming propensity of aheat transfer oil, and is desired to be as low as possible in the heattransfer oil while still retaining a low auto ignition temperature.

The term “Ln” in the context of equations in this disclosure refers tothe natural logarithm with base ‘e’. The terms “Fischer-Tropsch derived”or “FT derived” means that the product, fraction, or feed originatesfrom or is produced at some stage by a Fischer-Tropsch process. The term“substantially paraffinic” means containing a high level of n-paraffins,generally greater than 40 wt %, preferably greater than 50 wt %, morepreferably greater than 75 wt %.

The feedstock for the Fischer-Tropsch process may come from a widevariety of hydrocarbonaceous resources, including biomass, natural gas,coal, shale oil, petroleum, municipal waste, derivatives of these, andcombinations thereof.

Slack wax can be obtained from conventional petroleum derived feedstocksby either hydrocracking or by solvent refining of the lube oil fraction.Typically, slack wax is recovered from solvent dewaxing feedstocksprepared by one of these processes. Hydrocracking is usually preferredbecause hydrocracking will also reduce the nitrogen content to a lowvalue. With slack wax derived from solvent refined oils, deoiling may beused to reduce the nitrogen content. Hydrotreating of the slack wax canbe used to lower the nitrogen and sulfur content. Slack waxes posses avery high viscosity index, normally in the range of from about 140 to200, depending on the oil content and the starting material from whichthe slack wax was prepared. Therefore, slack waxes are suitable for thepreparation of base oils made from a waxy feed used in the heat transferoils of this invention.

The waxy feed useful in this invention preferably has less than 25 ppmtotal combined nitrogen and sulfur. Nitrogen is measured by melting thewaxy feed prior to oxidative combustion and chemiluminescence detectionby ASTM D 4629-02. The test method is further described in U.S. Pat. No.6,503,956, incorporated herein. Sulfur is measured by melting the waxyfeed prior to ultraviolet fluorescence by ASTM D 5453-00. The testmethod is further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,956, incorporatedherein.

Determination of normal paraffins (n-paraffins) in wax-containingsamples should use a method that can determine the content of individualC7 to C110 n-paraffins with a limit of detection of 0.1 wt %. Thepreferred method used is described later in this disclosure.

Waxy feeds useful in this invention are expected to be plentiful andrelatively cost competitive in the near future as large-scaleFischer-Tropsch synthesis processes come into production. Syncrudeprepared from the Fischer-Tropsch process comprises a mixture of varioussolid, liquid, and gaseous hydrocarbons. Those Fischer-Tropsch productswhich boil within the range of lubricating base oil contain a highproportion of wax which makes them ideal candidates for processing intobase oil. Accordingly, Fischer-Tropsch wax represents an excellent feedfor preparing high quality base oils according to the process of theinvention. Fischer-Tropsch wax is normally solid at room temperatureand, consequently, displays poor low temperature properties, such aspour point and cloud point. However, following hydroisomerization of thewax, Fischer-Tropsch derived base oils having excellent low temperatureproperties may be prepared. A general description of suitablehydroisomerization dewaxing processes may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,135,638 and 5,282,958; and U.S. Patent Application 20050133409,incorporated herein.

The hydroisomerization is achieved by contacting the waxy feed with ahydroisomerization catalyst in an isomerization zone underhydroisomerizing conditions. The hydroisomerization catalyst preferablycomprises a shape selective intermediate pore size molecular sieve, anoble metal hydrogenation component, and a refractory oxide support. Theshape selective intermediate pore size molecular sieve is preferablyselected from the group consisting of SAPO-11, SAPO-31, SAPO-41, SM-3,ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-48, ZSM-57, SSZ-32, offretite, ferrierite,and combinations thereof. SAPO-11, SM-3, SSZ-32, ZSM-23, andcombinations thereof are more preferred. Preferably the noble metalhydrogenation component is platinum, palladium, or combinations thereof.

The hydroisomerizing conditions depend on the waxy feed used, thehydroisomerization catalyst used, whether or not the catalyst issulfided, the desired yield, and the desired properties of the base oil.Preferred hydroisomerizing conditions useful in the current inventioninclude temperatures of 260 degrees C. to about 413 degrees C. (500 toabout 775 degrees F.), a total pressure of 15 to 3000 psig, and ahydrogen to feed ratio from about 2 to 30 MSCF/bbl, preferably fromabout 4 to 20 MSCF/bbl (about 712.4 to about 3562 liter H₂/liter oil),more preferably from about 4.5 or 5 to about 10 MSCF/bbl, mostpreferably from about 5 to about 8 MSCF/bbl. Generally, hydrogen will beseparated from the product and recycled to the isomerization zone. Notethat a feed rate of 10 MSCF/bbl is equivalent to 1781 liter H2/literfeed. Generally, hydrogen will be separated from the product andrecycled to the isomerization zone.

Optionally, the base oil produced by hydroisomerization dewaxing may behydrofinished. The hydrofinishing may occur in one or more steps, eitherbefore or after fractionating of the base oil into one or morefractions. The hydrofinishing is intended to improve the oxidationstability, UV stability, and appearance of the product by removingaromatics, olefins, color bodies, and solvents. A general description ofhydrofinishing may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,852,207 and 4,673,487,incorporated herein. The hydrofinishing step may be needed to reduce theweight percent olefins in the base oil to less than 10, preferably lessthan 5 or 2, more preferably less than 1, even more preferably less than0.5, and most preferably less than 0.05 or 0.01. The hydrofinishing stepmay also be needed to reduce the weight percent aromatics to less than0.3 or 0.1, preferably less than 0.05, more preferably less than 0.02,and most preferably less than 0.01.

The lubricating base oil is typically separated into fractions, wherebyone or more of the fractions will have a pour point less than −9° C., atotal weight percent of molecules with cycloparaffinic functionalitygreater than 10, and a ratio of weight percent molecules withmonocycloparaffinic functionality to weight percent molecules withmulticycloparaffinic functionality greater than 15. The base oil isoptionally fractionated into different viscosity grades of base oil. Inthe context of this disclosure “different viscosity grades of base oil”is defined as two or more base oils differing in kinematic viscosity at100 degrees C. from each other by at least 1.0 cSt. Kinematic viscosityis measured using ASTM D 445-04. Fractionating is done using a vacuumdistillation unit to yield cuts with pre selected boiling ranges. One ofthe fractions may be a distillation bottoms product.

The base oil fractions will typically have a pour point less than zerodegrees C. Preferably the pour point will be less than −9 degrees C.Additionally, in some embodiments the pour point of the base oilfraction will have a ratio of pour point, in degrees C., to thekinematic viscosity at 100 degrees C., in cSt, greater than a Base OilPour Factor, where the Base Oil Pour Factor is defined by the equation:Base Oil Pour Factor=7.35×Ln(Kinematic Viscosity at 100° C.)−18. Pourpoint is measured by ASTM D 5950-02.

The base oil fractions have measurable quantities of unsaturatedmolecules measured by FIMS. In a preferred embodiment thehydroisomerization dewaxing and fractionating conditions in the processof this invention are tailored to produce one or more selected fractionsof base oil having greater than 10 weight percent total molecules withcycloparaffinic functionality, preferably greater than 20 weightpercent, more preferably greater than 35 or greater than 40; and aviscosity index greater than 150. The one or more selected fractions ofbase oils will usually have less than 70 weight percent total moleculeswith cycloparaffinic functionality. Preferably the one or more selectedfractions of base oil will additionally have a ratio of molecules withmonocycloparaffinic functionality to molecules with multicycloparaffinicfunctionality greater than 2.1, more preferably greater than 15. In somepreferred embodiments there may be no molecules withmulticycloparaffinic functionality, such that the ratio of moleculeswith monocycloparaffinic functionality to molecules withmulticycloparaffinic functionality is greater than 100.

The viscosity indexes of the lubricating base oils used in the heattransfer oils of this invention will be high. They will generally haveviscosity indexes greater than 28×Ln(Kinematic Viscosity at 100° C.)+80.In a preferred embodiment they will have viscosity indexes greater than28×Ln(Kinematic Viscosity at 100° C.)+95. Plots for the lines thatdefine the two lower limits for the viscosity indexes described aboveare shown in FIG. 3. For example a 4.5 cSt oil will have a viscosityindex greater than 122, preferably greater than 137; and a 6.5 cSt oilwill have a viscosity index greater than 132, preferably greater than147. The test method used to measure viscosity index is ASTM D 2270-04.

The presence of predominantly cycloparaffinic molecules withmonocycloparaffinic functionality in the base oil fractions of thisinvention provides excellent oxidation stability, low Noack volatility,as well as desired additive solubility and elastomer compatibility. Thebase oil fractions have a weight percent olefins less than 10,preferably less than 5, more preferably less than 1, even morepreferably less than 0.5, and most preferably less than 0.05 or 0.01.The base oil fractions preferably have a weight percent aromatics lessthan 0.1, more preferably less than 0.05, and most preferably less than0.02. Heat transfer oils made with a base oil with low olefin andaromatic contents would also have higher oxidation stabilities andshould give longer service lives than heat transfer oils made with otherparaffinic base oils.

In preferred embodiments, the base oil fractions have a tractioncoefficient less than 0.023, preferably less than or equal to 0.021,more preferably less than or equal to 0.019, when measured at akinematic viscosity of 15 cSt and at a slide to roll ratio of 40percent. Preferably they have a traction coefficient less than an amountdefined by the equation: traction coefficient=0.009×Ln(KinematicViscosity)−0.001, wherein the Kinematic Viscosity during the tractioncoefficient measurement is between 2 and 50 cSt; and wherein thetraction coefficient is measured at an average rolling speed of 3 metersper second, a slide to roll ratio of 40 percent, and a load of 20Newtons. In one embodiment the base oil fractions have a tractioncoefficient less than 0.015 or 0.011, when measured at a kinematicviscosity of 15 cSt and at a slide to roll ratio of 40 percent. Examplesof these preferred base oil fractions with low traction coefficients aretaught in U.S. Pat. No. 7,045,055 and U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/400,570, filed Apr. 7, 2006.

In preferred embodiments, where the olefin and aromatics contents aresignificantly low in the lubricant base oil fraction of the lubricatingoil, the Oxidator BN of the selected base oil fraction will be greaterthan 25 hours, preferably greater than 35 hours, more preferably greaterthan 40 or even 41 hours. The Oxidator BN of the selected base oilfraction will typically be less than 65 hours. Oxidator BN is aconvenient way to measure the oxidation stability of base oils. TheOxidator BN test is described by Stangeland et al. in U.S. Pat. No.3,852,207. The Oxidator BN test measures the resistance to oxidation bymeans of a Dornte-type oxygen absorption apparatus. See R. W. Dornte“Oxidation of White Oils,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.28, page 26, 1936. Normally, the conditions are one atmosphere of pureoxygen at 340° F. The results are reported in hours to absorb 1000 ml ofO2 by 100 g. of oil. In the Oxidator BN test, 0.8 ml of catalyst is usedper 100 grams of oil and an additive package is included in the oil. Thecatalyst is a mixture of soluble metal naphthenates in kerosene. Themixture of soluble metal naphthenates simulates the average metalanalysis of used crankcase oil. The level of metals in the catalyst isas follows: Copper=6,927 ppm; Iron=4,083 ppm; Lead=80,208 ppm;Manganese=350 ppm; Tin=3565 ppm. The additive package is 80 millimolesof zinc bispolypropylenephenyldithio-phosphate per 100 grams of oil, orapproximately 1.1 grams of OLOA 260. The Oxidator BN test measures theresponse of a lubricating base oil in a simulated application. Highvalues, or long times to absorb one liter of oxygen, indicate goodoxidation stability.

OLOA is an acronym for Oronite Lubricating Oil Additive®, which is aregistered trademark of Chevron Oronite.

Antifoam Agent:

Foam tendency and stability are measured by ASTM D 892-03. ASTM D 892-03measures the foaming characteristics of a lubricating base oil orfinished lubricant at 24 degrees C. and 93.5 degrees C. It provides ameans of empirically rating the foaming tendency and stability of thefoam. The test oil, maintained at a temperature of 24 degrees C., isblown with air at a constant rate for 5 minutes then allowed to settlefor 10 minutes. The volume of foam, in ml, is measured at the end ofboth periods (sequence I). The foaming tendency is provided by the firstmeasurement, the foam stability by the second measurement. The test isrepeated using a new portion of the test oil at 93.5 degrees C.(sequence II); however the settling time is reduced to one minute. ForASTM D 892-03 sequence III the same sample is used from sequence II,after the foam has collapsed and cooled to 24 degrees C. The test oil isblown with dry air for 5 minutes, and then settled for 10 minutes. Thefoam tendency and stability are again measured, and reported in ml. Agood quality heat transfer oil will generally have less than 100 ml foamtendency for each of sequence I, II, and III; and zero ml foam stabilityfor each of sequence I, II, III; the lower the foam tendency of alubricating base oil or heat transfer oil the better. The heat transferoils of this invention have much lower foaming tendency than typicalheat transfer oils. They preferably have a sequence I foam tendency lessthan 50 ml; they have a sequence II foam tendency less than 50 ml,preferably less than 30 ml; and they preferably have a sequence III foamtendency less than 50 ml.

Foaming will vary in different base oils but can be controlled by theaddition of antifoam agents. Generally, the heat transfer oils of thisinvention will be blended little to no antifoam agent, typically lessthan 0.2 wt %. However, heat transfer oils of a higher viscosity oradditionally comprising other base oils may exhibit foaming. Examples ofantifoam agents are silicone oils, polyacrylates, acrylic polymers, andfluorosilicones.

Antifoam agents work by destabilizing the liquid film that surroundsentrained air bubbles. To be effective they must spread effectively atthe air/liquid interface. According to theory, the antifoam agent willspread if the value of the spreading coefficient, S, is positive. S isdefined by the following equation: S=p1−p2−p1,2, wherein p1 is thesurface tension of the foamy liquid, p2 is the surface tension of theantifoam agent, and p1,2 is the interfacial tension between them.Surface tension and interfacial tensions are measured using a ring typetensiometer by ASTM D 1331-89 (Reapproved 2001), “Surface andInterfacial Tension of Solutions of Surface-Active Agents”. With respectto the current invention, p1 is the surface of the heat transfer oilprior to the addition of antifoam agent.

Preferred choices of antifoam agents in the heat transfer oils of thisinvention are antifoam agents that when blended into the heat transferoil will exhibit spreading coefficients of at least 2 mN/m at both 24degrees C. and 93.5 degrees C. Various types of antifoam agents aretaught in U.S. Pat. No. 6,090,758. When used, the antifoam agents shouldnot significantly increase the air release time of the heat transferoil. One preferred antifoam agent is high molecular weight polydimethylsiloxane, a type of silicone antifoam agent. Another preferred choice ofantifoam agent in the heat transfer oils of this invention are acrylateantifoam agents, as they are less likely to adversely effect air releaseproperties compared to lower molecular weight silicone antifoam agents.

The heat transfer oils of this invention may have ISO viscosity gradesof 10 to 220. The ISO viscosity grades are defined by ASTM D2422-97(Reapproved 2002). The heat transfer oils of this invention alsohave 5 wt % boiling points relative to their ISO viscosity grades thatare higher than other earlier known paraffinic type heat transfer oils.In one preferred embodiment the heat transfer oil will have a 5 wt %boiling point greater than 1.3×(ISO Grade of Heat Transfer Oil)+360, in° C. A plot of the line defining this preferred lower limit of the 5 wt% boiling point of this embodiment of the heat transfer oils of thisinvention is shown in FIG. 2. More preferably, for example, an ISO 22heat transfer oil will have a 5 wt % boiling point greater than 389° C.(732° F.), an ISO 32 heat transfer oil will have a 5 wt % boiling pointgreater than 405° C. (761° F.), an ISO 46 heat transfer oil will have a5 wt % boiling point greater than 440° C. (824° F.), an ISO 68 heattransfer oil will have a 5 wt % boiling point greater than 468° C. (875°F.). Preferably an ISO 100 heat transfer oil of this invention will havea 5 wt % boiling point greater than 482° C. (900° F.), more preferablygreater than 496° C. (925° F.). Wt % boiling points are determined byASTM D6352-04.

Embodiments of the heat transfer oils of this invention may alsocomprise metals or metal oxides dispersed in them, and optionally adispersant. Metals, and optionally a dispersant, in the compositionprovide enhanced thermal conductivity based on the presence of fineparticles. Preferred metals and dispersants for use in heat transferoils are taught in U.S. Patent Publication US20060027484. Preferredembodiments of dispersant are anionic dispersant and/or nonionicdispersant, preferably sulfo succinate, alkoxylated polyaromatics,12-hydroxy stearic acid and/or polyhydroxy stearic acid.

Other additives that may be used in the heat transfer oils of thisinvention include antioxidants, or mixtures of antioxidants, metaldeactivators, and seal and gasket swell agents.

We have invented a method to use a heat transfer oil, comprisingselecting a heat transfer oil having an auto ignition temperaturegreater than 329° C. (625° F.) and a viscosity index greater than28×Ln(Kinematic Viscosity at 100° C.)+80, wherein the heat transfer oilcomprises a base oil made from a waxy feed, providing the heat transferoil to a mechanical system, and transferring heat in the mechanicalsystem from a heat source to a heat sink.

Examples of mechanical systems where the use of the heat transfer oil ofthis invention with an especially high auto ignition temperature arevaluable are heat pumps, batch reactors (especially constant heat fluxbatch reactors), refrigerators, air conditioners, chemical &pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment, and secondary loop systems.

Specific Analytical Test Methods:

Wt % Normal Paraffins in Wax-Containing Samples:

Quantitative analysis of normal paraffins in wax-containing samples isdetermined by gas chromatography (GC). The GC (Agilent 6890 or 5890 withcapillary split/splitless inlet and flame ionization detector) isequipped with a flame ionization detector, which is highly sensitive tohydrocarbons. The method utilizes a methyl silicone capillary column,routinely used to separate hydrocarbon mixtures by boiling point. Thecolumn is fused silica, 100% methyl silicone, 30 meters length, 0.25 mmID, 0.1 micron film thickness supplied by Agilent. Helium is the carriergas (2 ml/min) and hydrogen and air are used as the fuel to the flame.

The waxy feed is melted to obtain a 0.1 g homogeneous sample. The sampleis immediately dissolved in carbon disulfide to give a 2 wt % solution.If necessary, the solution is heated until visually clear and free ofsolids, and then injected into the GC. The methyl silicone column isheated using the following temperature program:

-   -   Initial temp: 150° C. (If C7 to C15 hydrocarbons are present,        the initial temperature is 50° C.)    -   Ramp: 6° C. per minute    -   Final Temp: 400° C.    -   Final hold: 5 minutes or until peaks no longer elute

The column then effectively separates, in the order of rising carbonnumber, the normal paraffins from the non-normal paraffins. A knownreference standard is analyzed in the same manner to establish elutiontimes of the specific normal-paraffin peaks. The standard is ASTM D2887n-paraffin standard, purchased from a vendor (Agilent or Supelco),spiked with 5 wt % Polywax 500 polyethylene (purchased from PetroliteCorporation in Oklahoma). The standard is melted prior to injection.Historical data collected from the analysis of the reference standardalso guarantees the resolving efficiency of the capillary column.

If present in the sample, normal paraffin peaks are well separated andeasily identifiable from other hydrocarbon types present in the sample.Those peaks eluting outside the retention time of the normal paraffinsare called non-normal paraffins. The total sample is integrated usingbaseline hold from start to end of run. N-paraffins are skimmed from thetotal area and are integrated from valley to valley. All peaks detectedare normalized to 100%. EZChrom is used for the peak identification andcalculation of results.

Wt % Olefins:

The Wt % Olefins in the base oils of this invention is determined byproton-NMR by the following steps, A-D:

-   -   A. Prepare a solution of 5-10% of the test hydrocarbon in        deuterochloroform.    -   B. Acquire a normal proton spectrum of at least 12 ppm spectral        width and accurately reference the chemical shift (ppm) axis.        The instrument must have sufficient gain range to acquire a        signal without overloading the receiver/ADC. When a 30 degree        pulse is applied, the instrument must have a minimum signal        digitization dynamic range of 65,000. Preferably the dynamic        range will be 260,000 or more.    -   C. Measure the integral intensities between:    -   6.0-4.5 ppm (olefin)    -   2.2-1.9 ppm (allylic)    -   1.9-0.5 ppm (saturate)    -   D. Using the molecular weight of the test substance determined        by ASTM D 2503, calculate:        -   1. The average molecular formula of the saturated            hydrocarbons        -   2. The average molecular formula of the olefins        -   3. The total integral intensity (=sum of all integral            intensities)        -   4. The integral intensity per sample hydrogen (=total            integral/number of hydrogens in formula)        -   5. The number of olefin hydrogens (=olefin integral/integral            per hydrogen)        -   6. The number of double bonds (=olefin hydrogen times            hydrogens in olefin formula/2)        -   7. The wt % olefins by proton NMR=100 times the number of            double bonds times the number of hydrogens in a typical            olefin molecule divided by the number of hydrogens in a            typical test substance molecule.

The wt % olefins by proton NMR calculation procedure, D, works best whenthe % olefins result is low, less than about 15 weight percent. Theolefins must be “conventional” olefins; i.e. a distributed mixture ofthose olefin types having hydrogens attached to the double bond carbonssuch as: alpha, vinylidene, cis, trans, and trisubstituted. These olefintypes will have a detectable allylic to olefin integral ratio between 1and about 2.5. When this ratio exceeds about 3, it indicates a higherpercentage of tri or tetra substituted olefins are present and thatdifferent assumptions must be made to calculate the number of doublebonds in the sample.

Aromatics Measurement by HPLC-UV:

The method used to measure low levels of molecules with at least onearomatic function in the lubricant base oils of this invention uses aHewlett Packard 1050 Series Quaternary Gradient High Performance LiquidChromatography (HPLC) system coupled with a HP 1050 Diode-Array UV-Visdetector interfaced to an HP Chem-station. Identification of theindividual aromatic classes in the highly saturated Base oils was madeon the basis of their UV spectral pattern and their elution time. Theamino column used for this analysis differentiates aromatic moleculeslargely on the basis of their ring-number (or more correctly,double-bond number). Thus, the single ring aromatic containing moleculeselute first, followed by the polycyclic aromatics in order of increasingdouble bond number per molecule. For aromatics with similar double bondcharacter, those with only alkyl substitution on the ring elute soonerthan those with naphthenic substitution.

Unequivocal identification of the various base oil aromatic hydrocarbonsfrom their UV absorbance spectra was accomplished recognizing that theirpeak electronic transitions were all red-shifted relative to the puremodel compound analogs to a degree dependent on the amount of alkyl andnaphthenic substitution on the ring system. These bathochromic shiftsare well known to be caused by alkyl-group delocalization of theπ-electrons in the aromatic ring. Since few unsubstituted aromaticcompounds boil in the lubricant range, some degree of red-shift wasexpected and observed for all of the principle aromatic groupsidentified.

Quantitation of the eluting aromatic compounds was made by integratingchromatograms made from wavelengths optimized for each general class ofcompounds over the appropriate retention time window for that aromatic.Retention time window limits for each aromatic class were determined bymanually evaluating the individual absorbance spectra of elutingcompounds at different times and assigning them to the appropriatearomatic class based on their qualitative similarity to model compoundabsorption spectra. With few exceptions, only five classes of aromaticcompounds were observed in highly saturated API Group II and IIIlubricant base oils.

HPLC-UV Calibration:

HPLC-UV is used for identifying these classes of aromatic compounds evenat very low levels. Multi-ring aromatics typically absorb 10 to 200times more strongly than single-ring aromatics. Alkyl-substitution alsoaffected absorption by about 20%. Therefore, it is important to use HPLCto separate and identify the various species of aromatics and know howefficiently they absorb.

Five classes of aromatic compounds were identified. With the exceptionof a small overlap between the most highly retained alkyl-1-ringaromatic naphthenes and the least highly retained alkyl naphthalenes,all of the aromatic compound classes were baseline resolved. Integrationlimits for the co-eluting 1-ring and 2-ring aromatics at 272 nm weremade by the perpendicular drop method. Wavelength dependent responsefactors for each general aromatic class were first determined byconstructing Beer's Law plots from pure model compound mixtures based onthe nearest spectral peak absorbances to the substituted aromaticanalogs.

For example, alkyl-cyclohexylbenzene molecules in base oils exhibit adistinct peak absorbance at 272 nm that corresponds to the same(forbidden) transition that unsubstituted tetralin model compounds do at268 nm. The concentration of alkyl-1-ring aromatic naphthenes in baseoil samples was calculated by assuming that its molar absorptivityresponse factor at 272 nm was approximately equal to tetralin's molarabsorptivity at 268 nm, calculated from Beer's law plots. Weight percentconcentrations of aromatics were calculated by assuming that the averagemolecular weight for each aromatic class was approximately equal to theaverage molecular weight for the whole base oil sample.

This calibration method was further improved by isolating the 1-ringaromatics directly from the lubricant base oils via exhaustive HPLCchromatography. Calibrating directly with these aromatics eliminated theassumptions and uncertainties associated with the model compounds. Asexpected, the isolated aromatic sample had a lower response factor thanthe model compound because it was more highly substituted.

More specifically, to accurately calibrate the HPLC-UV method, thesubstituted benzene aromatics were separated from the bulk of thelubricant base oil using a Waters semi-preparative HPLC unit. 10 gramsof sample was diluted 1:1 in n-hexane and injected onto an amino-bondedsilica column, a 5 cm×22.4 mm ID guard, followed by two 25 cm×22.4 mm IDcolumns of 8-12 micron amino-bonded silica particles, manufactured byRainin Instruments, Emeryville, Calif., with n-hexane as the mobilephase at a flow rate of 18 mls/min. Column eluent was fractionated basedon the detector response from a dual wavelength UV detector set at 265nm and 295 nm. Saturate fractions were collected until the 265 nmabsorbance showed a change of 0.01 absorbance units, which signaled theonset of single ring aromatic elution. A single ring aromatic fractionwas collected until the absorbance ratio between 265 nm and 295 nmdecreased to 2.0, indicating the onset of two ring aromatic elution.Purification and separation of the single ring aromatic fraction wasmade by re-chromatographing the monoaromatic fraction away from the“tailing” saturates fraction which resulted from overloading the HPLCcolumn.

This purified aromatic “standard” showed that alkyl substitutiondecreased the molar absorptivity response factor by about 20% relativeto unsubstituted tetralin.

Confirmation of Aromatics by NMR:

The weight percent of all molecules with at least one aromatic functionin the purified mono-aromatic standard was confirmed via long-durationcarbon 13 NMR analysis. NMR was easier to calibrate than HPLC UV becauseit simply measured aromatic carbon so the response did not depend on theclass of aromatics being analyzed. The NMR results were translated from% aromatic carbon to % aromatic molecules (to be consistent with HPLC-UVand D 2007) by knowing that 95-99% of the aromatics in highly saturatedlubricant base oils were single-ring aromatics.

High power, long duration, and good baseline analysis were needed toaccurately measure aromatics down to 0.2% aromatic molecules.

More specifically, to accurately measure low levels of all moleculeswith at least one aromatic function by NMR, the standard D 5292-99method was modified to give a minimum carbon sensitivity of 500:1 (byASTM standard practice E 386). A 15-hour duration run on a 400-500 MHzNMR with a 10-12 mm Nalorac probe was used. Acorn PC integrationsoftware was used to define the shape of the baseline and consistentlyintegrate. The carrier frequency was changed once during the run toavoid artifacts from imaging the aliphatic peak into the aromaticregion. By taking spectra on either side of the carrier spectra, theresolution was improved significantly.

Molecular Composition by FIMS:

The lubricant base oils of this invention were characterized by FieldIonization Mass Spectroscopy (FIMS) into alkanes and molecules withdifferent numbers of unsaturations. The distribution of the molecules inthe oil fractions was determined by FIMS. The samples were introducedvia solid probe, preferably by placing a small amount (about 0.1 mg.) ofthe base oil to be tested in a glass capillary tube. The capillary tubewas placed at the tip of a solids probe for a mass spectrometer, and theprobe was heated from about 40 to 50° C. up to 500 or 600° C. at a ratebetween 50° C. and 100° C. per minute in a mass spectrometer operatingat about 10⁻⁶ torr. The mass spectrometer was scanned from m/z 40 to m/z1000 at a rate of 5 seconds per decade.

The mass spectrometer used was a Micromass Time-of-Flight. Responsefactors for all compound types were assumed to be 1.0, such that weightpercent was determined from area percent. The acquired mass spectra weresummed to generate one “averaged” spectrum.

The lubricant base oils of this invention were characterized by FIMSinto alkanes and molecules with different numbers of unsaturations. Themolecules with different numbers of unsaturations may be comprised ofcycloparaffins, olefins, and aromatics. If aromatics were present insignificant amounts in the lubricant base oil they would be identifiedin the FIMS analysis as 4-unsaturations. When olefins were present insignificant amounts in the lubricant base oil they would be identifiedin the FIMS analysis as 1-unsaturations. The total of the1-unsaturations, 2-unsaturations, 3-unsaturations, 4-unsaturations,5-unsaturations, and 6-unsaturations from the FIMS analysis, minus thewt % olefins by proton NMR, and minus the wt % aromatics by HPLC-UV isthe total weight percent of molecules with cycloparaffinic functionalityin the lubricant base oils of this invention. Note that if the aromaticscontent was not measured, it was assumed to be less than 0.1 wt % andnot included in the calculation for total weight percent of moleculeswith cycloparaffinic functionality.

Molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality mean any molecule that is,or contains as one or more substituents, a monocyclic or a fusedmulticyclic saturated hydrocarbon group. The cycloparaffinic group maybe optionally substituted with one or more substituents. Representativeexamples include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, decahydronaphthalene,octahydropentalene, (pentadecan-6-yl)cyclohexane,3,7,10-tricyclohexylpentadecane,decahydro-1-(pentadecan-6-yl)naphthalene, and the like.

Molecules with monocycloparaffinic functionality mean any molecule thatis a monocyclic saturated hydrocarbon group of three to seven ringcarbons or any molecule that is substituted with a single monocyclicsaturated hydrocarbon group of three to seven ring carbons. Thecycloparaffinic group may be optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents. Representative examples include, but are not limited to,cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl,(pentadecan-6-yl) cyclohexane, and the like.

Molecules with multicycloparaffinic functionality mean any molecule thatis a fused multicyclic saturated hydrocarbon ring group of two or morefused rings, any molecule that is substituted with one or more fusedmulticyclic saturated hydrocarbon ring groups of two or more fusedrings, or any molecule that is substituted with more than one monocyclicsaturated hydrocarbon group of three to seven ring carbons. The fusedmulticyclic saturated hydrocarbon ring group preferably is of two fusedrings. The cycloparaffinic group may be optionally substituted with oneor more substituents. Representative examples include, but are notlimited to, decahydronaphthalene, octahydropentalene,3,7,10-tricyclohexylpentadecane, decahydro-1-(pentadecan-6-yl)naphthalene, and the like.

EXAMPLES Example 1

A wax sample composed of several different batches of hydrotreatedFischer-Tropsch wax, all made using a Co-based Fischer-Tropsch catalystwas prepared. The different batches of wax composing the wax sample wereanalyzed and all found to have the properties as shown in Table VIII.

TABLE VIII Fischer-Tropsch Wax Fischer-Tropsch Catalyst Co-Based Sulfur,ppm <10 Nitrogen, ppm <10 Oxygen, wt % <0.50 Wt % N-Paraffins by GC >85D 6352 SIMDIST TBP (WT %), ° F. T10 550-700 T90 1000-1080 T90-T10, ° C.>154

The Co-based Fischer-Tropsch wax was hydroisomerized over a Pt/SAPO-11catalyst with an alumina binder. Operating conditions includedtemperatures between 635° F. and 675° F. (335° C. and 358° C.), LHSV of1.0 hr⁻¹, reactor pressure of about 500 psig, and once-through hydrogenrates of between 5 and 6 MSCF/bbl. The reactor effluent passed directlyto a second reactor containing a Pd on silica-alumina hydrofinishingcatalyst also operated at 500 psig. Conditions in the second reactorincluded a temperature of about 350° F. (177° C.) and an LHSV of 2.0hr⁻¹.

The products boiling above 650° F. were fractionated by vacuumdistillation to produce distillate fractions of different viscositygrades. Three Fischer-Tropsch derived lubricant base oils were obtained.Two were distillate side-cut fractions (FT-4.5 and FT-6.4) and one was adistillate bottoms fraction (FT-14). The FIMS analysis was conducted ona Micromass Time-of-Flight spectrophotometer. The emitter on theMicromass Time-of-Flight was a Carbotec 5 um emitter designed for FIoperation. A constant flow of pentaflourochlorobenzene, used as lockmass, was delivered into the mass spectrometer via a thin capillarytube. The probe was heated from about 50° C. up to 600° C. at a rate of100° C. per minute. Test data on the three Fischer-Tropsch derivedlubricant base oils are shown in Table II, below.

TABLE II Sample Properties FT-4.5 FT-6.4 FT-14 Viscosity at 100° C., cSt4.514 6.362 13.99 Viscosity Index 148 153 157 Pour Point, ° C. −17 −23−8 D 6352 SIMDIST TBP (WT %), ° F. 5 742 847 963 10/30 755/791 856/881 972/1006 50 831 905 1045 70/90 878/938 931/962 1090/1168 95 957 9721203 Wt % Aromatics 0.0532 0.0590 0.0414 Wt % Olefins Not tested 3.493.17 FIMS, Wt % Not tested Alkanes 68.1 59.0 1-Unsaturations 31.2 40.22- to 6- Unsaturations 0.7 0.8 Total 100.0 100.0 Total Molecules withNot tested 28.3 37.8 Cycloparaffinic Functionality Ratio ofMonocycloparaffins to Not tested 39.6 46.3 Multicycloparaffins OxidatorBN, hours Not tested 21.29 18.89 X in the equation: VI = 28 x 105.8101.2 83.1 Ln(VIS100) + X TGA Noack, wt % 11.9 2.8 0.7

Example 2

Both an ISO 22 and an ISO 46 heat transfer oils were prepared using thebase oils described above. The formulations of these two blends aresummarized in Table III.

TABLE III Component, Wt % HEATA HEATB Viscosity Grade ISO 22 ISO 46FT-4.5 66.69 0 FT-6.4 33.31 77.920 FT-14 0 22.042 Antifoam Agent 0 0.038Total 100.00 100.00

The properties of these two different heat transfer oil blends are shownin Table IV.

TABLE IV Properties HEATA HEATB Viscosity Grade ISO 22 ISO 46 Viscosityat 40° C. cSt 23.28 40.92 Viscosity Index 151 155 Ramsbottom carbonresidue, Wt % 0.03 0.03 Auto Ignition, E659, ° F. (° C.) 655 (346) 705(374) D 6352 SIMDIST TBP (WT %), ° F. 5 753 850 10/30 768/823 859/888 50868 919 70/90 904/947 954/1034 95 962 1086

HEATA and HEATB are examples of the heat transfer oils of this inventionhaving an auto ignition temperature greater than 625° F. (329° C.). Theyboth comprise a base oil, made from a waxy feed, having a pour pointless than −9° C., less than 0.3 wt % aromatics, greater than 10 wt %total molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality, and a ratio ofmolecules with monocycloparaffinic functionality to molecules withmulticycloparaffinic functionality greater than 15, and optionally oneor more lubricant additives. Their auto ignition temperatures are bothgreater than an amount defined by the equation AIT=1.6×(KinematicViscosity at 40° C., in cSt)+300, in degrees Celsius. A plot of the linethat defines this preferred lower limit of auto ignition temperaturesfor the heat transfer oils of this invention is shown in FIG. 1.

Example 3

Two comparative heat transfer oil blends, Comp HEATC and Comp HEATD,were made using conventional Group II base oils. Comp HEATE is a typicalsample of Duratherm 630, of which the exact formulation is not knownother than it contains a number of additives including a dual-stageantioxidant, metal deactivators, antifoam agent, seal & gasket extender,and particle suspension agents. The formulations and properties of thesecomparison blends are summarized in Table V.

TABLE V Comp. Comp. Comp. HEATC HEATD HEATE Component, Wt % ISO 22 ISO46 ISO 32 Chevron Neutral Oil 100R 78.58 6.178 Unknown Chevron NeutralOil 220R 21.42 93.784 Antifoam Agent 0 0.038 Total 100.00 100.00 Comp.Comp. Comp. Formulation Properties HEAT C HEAT D HEATE Viscosity Index104 101 122 Ramsbottom carbon residue, Wt % 0.04 0.05 Auto Ignition,E659, ° F. 599 599 693 D 6352 SIMDIST TBP (WT %), ° F. 5 647 — 10/30685/746 727/— 50 786 — 70/90 831/910 — 95 956 —

Neither comparative examples HEATC nor HEATD had the high auto ignitiontemperature of the heat transfer oils of our invention. Comparativesample HEATE, although having a high AIT, had a lower viscosity indexand lower 5 wt % boiling point than the heat transfer oils of ourinvention. Also the comparative sample HEATE, being petroleum derived,did not have the preferred molecular composition of the heat transferoils of our invention.

Example 4

Three base oils, made by hydroisomerizing paraffinic Co-basedFischer-Tropsch wax over a Pt/SAPO-11 catalyst, hydrotreating, anddistillation, were selected for blending into heat transfer oils. Theproperties of the three base oils are summarized in Table VI, below.

TABLE VI Properties FT-LN FT-MN FT-HN Viscosity at 100° C., cSt 4.127.129 14.84 Viscosity Index 138 153 156 Pour Point, ° C. −26 −20 −12 D6352 SIMDIST TBP (WT %), ° F. 5 758 836 935 10/30 770/795 850/884 963/1021 50 813 913 1060 70/90 832/857  947/1004 1099/1153 95 867 10331175 Wt % Olefins 0.32 1.38 2.00 Oxidator BN, hours 41.02 42.07 35.27 Xin the equation: VI = 28 x 98.4 98.0 80.5 Ln(VIS100) + X Noack, wt %10.22 2.49 1.0

All three of these base oils have between 10 and 70 wt % total moleculeswith cycloparaffinic functionality and a ratio of molecules withmonocycloparaffinic functionality to molecules with multicycloparaffinicfunctionality greater than 15. Note that FT-HN is also an example of anisomerized Fischer-Tropsch derived base oil fraction have a tractioncoefficient less than or equal to 0.015, when measured at a kinematicviscosity of 15 cSt and at a slide to roll ratio of 40 percent.

Example 5

The three base oils in Example 4 were blended into heat transfer oiloils over a range of ISO viscosity grades from ISO 22 to ISO 100. Theformulations and properties of these heat transfer oils are shown inTable VII.

TABLE VII HEATF HEATG HEATH HEATJ Component, Wt % ISO 22 ISO 46 ISO 68ISO 100 FT-LN 63.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 FT-MN 36.28 90.995 42.784 4.348 FT-HN0.00 8.967 57.178 95.614 Antifoam Agent 0.00 0.038 0.038 0.038 Total100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 Formulation Properties KinematicViscosity at 40° C., cSt 23.19 41.13 65.75 95.28 Kinematic Viscosity at100° C., cSt 5.029 7.606 10.91 14.46 Viscosity Index 150 155 158 157Ramsbottom carbon 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 residue, Wt % Auto Ignition, E659,° F. (° C.) 700 (371) 685 (363) 739 (393) 750 (399) D 6352 SIMDIST TBP(WT %), ° F. 5 766 842 855 908 10/30 780/812 858/897 877/939  946/101850 841 930 1003 1062 70/90 880/960  969/1040 1063/1144 1105/1177 95 9961082 1186 1217 ASTM Color, ASTM D 1500-04a 0 0 0 0

The different grades of heat transfer oil were blended with base oilsmade from Fischer-Tropsch wax and either with or without 0.038 wt %antifoam agent. In these blends the Fischer-Tropsch derived base oilsthat were used had weight percent aromatics less than 0.06 and weightpercent olefins less than 2.5. The Fischer-Tropsch derived base oils hadOxidator BNs between 30 and 60 hours.

The ISO 22 heat transfer oil had an AIT greater than 357° C. and a 5 wt% boiling point greater than 389° C. (731° F.). The ISO 46 heat transferoil had an AIT greater than 357° C. and a 5 wt % boiling point greaterthan 420° C. (788° F.). The ISO 68 heat transfer oil had an AIT greaterthan 357° C. and a 5 wt % boiling point greater than 448° C. (839° F.).The ISO 100 heat transfer oil had an AIT greater than 357° C. and a 5 wt% boiling point greater than 482° C. (900° F.).

HEATG, HEATH and HEATJ were surprising in that even though theycontained a base oil, FT-HN, having a relatively high 50 wt % boilingpoint (greater than 566° C. [1050° F.]), they still were colorless bythe ASTM Color test.

All of the publications, patents and patent applications cited in thisapplication are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety tothe same extent as if the disclosure of each individual publication,patent application or patent was specifically and individually indicatedto be incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Many modifications of the exemplary embodiments of the inventiondisclosed above will readily occur to those skilled in the art.Accordingly, the invention is to be construed as including all structureand methods that fall within the scope of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method to use a heat transfer oil, comprising: a. selecting a heat transfer oil having an auto ignition temperature greater than 329° C. (625° F.) and a viscosity index greater than 28×Ln(Kinematic Viscosity at 100° C., in cSt)+80; wherein the heat transfer oil comprises a base oil, made from a waxy feed, with the base oil having: i. greater than 10 weight percent and less than 70 weight percent total molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality, ii. a pour point less than −9° C., iii. a 50 wt % boiling point greater than 566° C., and iv. at least 31.2 wt % 1-unsaturations by FIMS; b. providing the heat transfer oil to a mechanical system; and c. transferring heat in the mechanical system from a heat source to a heat sink.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the mechanical system is selected from the group of heat pump, batch reactor, refrigerator, air conditioner, chemical manufacturing equipment, pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment, and secondary loop system.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the heat transfer oil has an auto ignition temperature greater than 357° C. (675° F.).
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the heat transfer oil has an auto ignition temperature greater than an amount defined by the equation: AIT=1.6×(Kinematic Viscosity at 40° C., in cSt)+300, in degrees Celsius.
 5. The method of claim 1, where the waxy feed is Fischer-Tropsch-derived.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the waxy feed has less than 25 ppm total combined nitrogen and sulfur.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the heat transfer oil comprises at least 33.31 wt % of the base oil.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the base oil made from a waxy feed additionally has a ratio of molecules with monocycloparaffinic functionality to molecules with multicycloparaffinic functionality greater than 2.1.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the ratio is greater than
 15. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the heat transfer oil additionally comprises from 0.038 to less than 0.2 wt % antifoam agent.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the heat transfer oil additionally has a Ramsbottom carbon residue of 0.04 wt % or less.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the antifoam agent is selected from the group of high molecular weight polydimethyl siloxane, acrylate, and mixtures thereof.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the heat transfer oil additionally comprises less than 0.2 wt % antifoam agent.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the antifoam agent is selected from the group consisting of high molecular weight polydimethyl siloxane, acrylate, and mixtures thereof.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the heat transfer oil is an ISO viscosity grade selected from the group of ISO 10, ISO 15, ISO 22, ISO 32, ISO 46, ISO 68, ISO 100, ISO 150, and ISO
 220. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the heat transfer oil has a 5 wt % boiling point greater than an amount defined by 1.3×(the ISO viscosity grade)+360, in ° C.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the heat transfer oil has an ASTM Color of
 0. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the base oil has from 28.3 to less than 70 weight percent total molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the base oil has greater than 35 weight percent total molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality.
 20. A method to use a heat transfer oil, comprising: a. selecting a heat transfer oil comprising less than 0.2 wt % antifoam agent and one or more fractions of a base oil having: i. a pour point less than −9° C., ii. a 50 wt % boiling point greater than 566° C., and iii. a traction coefficient less than or equal to 0.015, when measured at a kinematic viscosity of 15 cSt and at a slide to roll ratio of 40 percent; and b. providing the heat transfer oil to a mechanical system; and c. transferring heat in the mechanical system from a heat source to a heat sink.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein an ASTM Color of the heat transfer oil is
 0. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the heat transfer oil has an auto ignition temperature greater than 329° C. (625° F.) and an ASTM Color less than 0.5.
 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the traction coefficient is less than 0.011.
 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the one or more fractions of the base oil have a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 14 cSt or higher.
 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the one or more fractions of the base oil have a viscosity index greater than
 150. 26. The method of claim 20, wherein the heat transfer oil comprises from 0 to 0.038 wt % antifoam agent. 